Kuvanga umuringa

Amazi ya leta ni leta hagati hagati ya leta ikomeye na gaze.Ibyuma bikomeye bigizwe nintete nyinshi, ibyuma bya gaze bigizwe na atome imwe isa na elastike, naho ibyuma byamazi bigizwe nitsinda ryinshi rya atome.

1. Ibiranga imiterere yibyuma byamazi

Amazi ya leta ni leta hagati hagati ya leta ikomeye na gaze.Ibyuma bikomeye bigizwe nintete nyinshi za kirisiti, ibyuma bya gaze bigizwe na atome imwe isa nubutaka bwa elastike, naho ibyuma byamazi bigizwe nitsinda ryinshi rya atome, kandi imiterere yabyo ifite ibintu bikurikira

.Nyamara, isano iri hagati yitsinda rya atome ryangiritse cyane, kandi intera iri hagati yitsinda rya atome ni nini kandi irekuye, nkaho hari ibyobo.

(2) Amatsinda ya atome agize ibyuma byamazi adahungabana cyane, rimwe na rimwe gukura rimwe na rimwe bikaba bito.Birashoboka kandi kuva mumatsinda ya atome mumatsinda hanyuma ugahuza andi matsinda ya atome, cyangwa gushinga amatsinda ya atome.

(3) Impuzandengo yubunini no gutuza kwitsinda rya atome bifitanye isano n'ubushyuhe.Ubushyuhe buri hejuru, nubunini buringaniye buringaniye bwamatsinda ya atome kandi niko umutekano uhagaze.

.Kubwibyo, hariho kandi inhomogeneité yibigize hagati yitsinda rya atome, ni ukuvuga ihindagurika ryibanze, ndetse rimwe na rimwe ndetse n’ibintu bitajegajega cyangwa bihamye.

2. Gushonga no gushonga

Mugihe cyo gushonga k'umusemburo, hariho inzira ebyiri icyarimwe zo gushonga no gushonga.Iyo amavuta ashyushye ku bushyuhe runaka, itangira gushonga, kandi imiterere ya termodinamike irashyuha.Gusenyuka bivuze ko icyuma gikomeye cyangirika nicyuma gishonga kandi cyinjira mubisubizo kugirango hamenyekane inzira yo guhinduka gukomeye kumazi.Gusenyuka ntibisaba gushyuha, ariko uko ubushyuhe buri hejuru, niko umuvuduko wihuta.

Mubyukuri, gusa iyo ingingo yo gushonga yibintu bivanze irenze ubushyuhe bwumuti wumuringa wumuringa, inzira yibintu byinjira byinjira mumashanyarazi ni inzira yo gusesa neza.Mubyuma byumuringa, kurugero, ibigize ibyuma, nikel, chromium na manganese kimwe nibintu bitari ibyuma bya silicon, karubone, nibindi, byumvikana ko bifite inzira yo gusesa.Mubyukuri, byombi gushonga no gushonga bibaho icyarimwe, hamwe no gushonga biteza imbere gushonga.

Hariho ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka kumuvuduko wo gushonga ibyuma.

Ubwa mbere, uko ubushyuhe buri hejuru, niko gusesa ari byiza.

Icya kabiri, bifitanye isano nubuso bwikintu gishonga, uko ubuso bunini, niko umuvuduko wo gusesa byihuse.

Igipimo cyo gusesa ibyuma nacyo kijyanye no kugenda gushonga.Iyo gushonga gutemba, igipimo cyo gusesa kiruta icy'icyuma kiri mu gihagararo gihagaze, kandi uko umuvuduko ushonga, niko umuvuduko wo gushonga wihuta.

Gusenyuka no Kuvanga

Iyo amavuta avanze yakozwe bwa mbere, hatekerezwaga ko gushonga bigomba gutangirana nibice bigoye gushonga (kandi bifite ingingo zo gushonga).Kurugero, mugihe hakozwe bwa mbere umuringa-nikel wa 80% na 20% nikel, nikel ifite aho yashonga ya 1451 ° C yabanje gushonga hanyuma hongerwaho umuringa.Bamwe bashonga umuringa bakabishyushya 1500 ℃ mbere yo kongeramo nikel yo gushonga.Nyuma yigitekerezo cya alloys kimaze gutezwa imbere, cyane cyane igitekerezo cyibisubizo, uburyo bubiri bwo hejuru bwo gushonga bwarahebwe.

Gushyira ibintu bitavanze

Hariho impamvu nyinshi zo gukomeza kwiyongera no kugwa kwimiterere yibintu bitavanze mubyuma na alloys.

Umwanda uzanwa mumashanyarazi

Nubwo imyanda yatunganijwe ikorwa mubikorwa byo gutunganya uruganda rwacu ikoreshwa inshuro nyinshi, ibikubiye mubintu byanduye mubisabwa bizakomeza kwiyongera kubera impamvu zitandukanye.Kubijyanye no kuvanga ibikoresho cyangwa gukoresha ibikoresho byinshi byaguzwe bifite inkomoko idasobanutse, umwanda ushobora kuba n'ingaruka zishoboka akenshi birashoboka cyane.

Guhitamo nabi ibikoresho byo gutanura

Ibintu bimwe na bimwe bishonga birashobora kuvura hamwe nubushyuhe bwo gushonga.